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Browsing by Author "Fischer, Szabolcs"

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Analysis of Stress-Strain State Changes in Railway Tracks During Transition to European Gauge
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Fischer, Szabolcs; Kurhan, Dmytro; Kurhan, Mykola; Hmelevska, Nelya
ENG: The geographical location of Ukraine facilitates its integration into the transportation network connecting European countries. Various options exist for transitioning from the gauge of 1 520 mm to the European standard gauge of 1 435 mm. This paper aims to analyze the changes in the stress-strain state of railway track elements during the reconstruction of existing sections from the 1 520 mm gauge to the 1 435 mm European gauge or to a dual gauge of 1 435/1 520 mm. To perform these calculations, a spatial model of dynamic deformations in the railway track is employed, based on the principles of elasticity theory. The results of the analysis indicate that the post-reconstruction railway track elements do not exceed permissible stress levels. However, the implementation of a combined railway track complicates the stress state of the ballast layer, leading to asymmetric stresses along the length of the sleepers, which vary depending on the track on which trains operate. There will also be a redistribution of stresses acting on the ground structure, which remains in place after years of operation. The research results identify changes in the stress-strain state of the railway track and can be used to justify measures for the appropriate reinforcement of the ballast layer and the ground structure. Keywords: railway track, stress-strain state, ground structure, European standard gauge, reinforcement of the ballast layer.
An Analytical Method for Determining the Stress–Strain State of a Subgrade with Combined Reinforcement
(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2024) Alkhdour, Ahmad M.; Tiutkin, Oleksii L.; Fischer, Szabolcs; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: This article presents the fundamentals of an analytical method for determining the stress–strain state of a railway subgrade reinforced with geosynthetic material. The reinforcement described is a combined system where the geosynthetic material forms an open shell containing a layer of compacted crushed stone. The overall stress–strain state is proposed to be viewed as a superposition of two states of the subgrade. The stresses and displacements in the first state refer to the unreinforced subgrade (matrix), while the stress–strain state of the reinforcement element is determined using analytical constructs from composite theory. The dependencies of the overall stress–strain state are applied in a numerical analysis, which confirms the positive effect of reduced subgrade deformations. A small-scale experimental model further validates the accuracy of the analytical approach.
Comparison of the Effects and Efficiency of Vertical and Side Tamping Methods for Ballasted Railway Tracks
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Przybyłowicz, Michał; Sysyn, Mykola; Gerber, Ulf; Kovalchuk, Vitalii V.; Fischer, Szabolcs
EN: The relatively high maintenance costs of the ballast track are related to the short lifecycle of the ballast layer. The current vertical ballast tamping technology (e.g., Plasser & Theurer, Matisa, etc.) causes high ballast destruction and is neither applicable for unconventional sleepers’ designs nor slab tracks. The side tamping method presents an alternative, ballast saving, and sleeper form independent ballast tamping technology. This paper compares the ballast layer compaction and its resistance to permanent settlements accumulation after the vertical and the side tamping methodologies. Scaled models of ballast layer and tamping units and scaled simulation with discrete element method (DEM) were applied for the comparison. In the laboratory tests, the ballast compaction along the sleeper was estimated using the measurements of elastic wave propagation. The settlements resistance for both tamping methods was estimated under the vibration loading. The tests’ results show 5–7% higher compactness of the ballast layer under the sleeper ends for the side tamping method. The settlement intensity of the ballast layer after the vertical tamping is higher than for the side tamping method. In discrete element modeling, the performed laboratory tests were simulated. The compactness of the ballast bed, as well as the residual stresses, were determined in MATLAB. The side tamping technology provided five times higher residual stresses in the ballast layer below the sleeper than in the case of vertical tamping, which can be explained by the more stable and dense layer resulting from the side tamping ensures higher interlocking between the grains. The simulation of the wave propagation shows an influence of the residual stresses on the wave propagation velocities. The simulated wave propagation velocity was more than two times higher for the side tamping than for the vertical one.
Determining the Deformation Characteristics of Railway Ballast by Mathematical Modeling of Elastic Wave Propagation
(MDPI, 2023) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Kurhan, Mykola ; Horváth, Balázs; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The article solves the problem of theoretically determining the deformable characteristics of railway ballast, considering its condition through mathematical modeling. Different tasks require mathematical models with different levels of detail of certain elements. After a certain limit, excessive detailing only worsens the quality of the model. Therefore, for many problems of the interaction between the track and the rolling stock, it is sufficient to describe the ballast as a homogeneous isotropic layer with a vertical elastic deformation. The elastic deformation of the ballast is formed by the deviation of individual elements; the ballast may have pollutants, the ballast may have places with different levels of compaction, etc. To be able to determine the general characteristics of the layer, a dynamic model of the stress–strain state of the system based on the dynamic problem of the theory of elasticity is applied. The reaction of the ballast to the dynamic load is modeled through the passage of elastic deformation waves. The given results can be applied in the models of the railway track in the other direction as initial data regarding the ballast layer.
Development of High-Speed Railway Network in Europe: A Case Study of Ukraine
(Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, 2024) Kurhan, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs; Tiutkin, Oleksii L.; Kurhan, Dmytro; Hmelevska, Nelya
ENG: The current task today is the development of theoretical and methodological approaches, as well as practical recommendations for determining the technical feasibility of creating high-speed railway (HSR) lines in the European context. The development of railways in individual countries, followed by the creation of a pan-European high-speed railway network, has raised questions about the compatibility of the technical systems of individual national HSRs. This paper addresses these issues using the example of Ukraine. The research is based on an analysis of scientific developments related to the design of HSR lines and the synthesis of European experience in identifying priority route directions in Ukraine. For comparing various scenarios for the development of railway connections, the authors have developed a forecasting and efficiency assessment model based on the Net Present Value (NPV) indicator. It has been demonstrated that considering the population attracted to HSR and the volume of transit passenger transportation alone is insufficient to achieve the normative investment payback. This situation can only be rectified by implementing mixed traffic involving high-speed passenger trains and accelerated freight trains. However, mixed traffic of passenger and freight trains on high-speed rail lines may face numerous issues and constraints that require careful planning and coordination.
Examination of Concrete Canvas under Quasi-Realistic Loading by Computed Tomography
(MDPI, 2023) Balázs, Eller; Movahedi, Rad M.; Fekete, Imre; Szalai, Szabolcs; Harrach, Dániel; Baranyai, Gusztáv; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The current paper concerns the investigation of CC (Concrete Canvas), a unique building material from the GCCM (geosynthetic cementitious composite mat) product group. The material is suitable for trench lining, trench paving, or even military construction activities, while the authors’ purpose is to investigate the application of the material to road and railway substructure improvement. This research was carried out to verify the material’s suitability for transport infrastructure and its beneficial effects. The authors’ previous study reported that the primary measurements were puncture, compression, and the parameters evaluated in four-point bending (laboratory) tests. However, based on the results, finite element modeling was not feasible because the testing of the composite material in a single layer did not provide an accurate indication. For this reason, the material characteristics required for modeling were investigated. A unique, novel testing procedure and assembly were performed, wherein the material was loaded under quasi-realistic conditions with a crushed stone ballast sample and other continuous particle size distribution samples in a closed polyethylene tube. In addition, the deformation of the material following deformed bonding was measured by computed tomography scanning, and the results were evaluated.
Investigation of Digital Light Processing-Based 3D Printing for Optimized Tooling in Automotive and Electronics Sheet Metal Forming
(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2025) Szalai, Szabolcs; Szívós, Brigitta Fruzsina; Nemes, Vivien; Szabó, György; Kurhan, Dmytro; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: This study addresses the emerging need for efficient and cost-effective solutions in low-volume production by exploring the mechanical performance and industrial feasibility of cutting tools that are fabricated using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) technology. SLA’s high-resolution capabilities make it suitable for creating precise cutting dies, which were tested on aluminum sheets (Al99.5, 0.3 mm, and AlMg3, 1.0 mm) under a 60-ton hydraulic press. Measurements using digital image correlation (DIC) revealed minimal wear and deformation, with tolerances consistently within IT 0.1 mm. The results demonstrated that SLA-printed tools perform comparably to conventional metal tools in cutting and bending operations, achieving similar surface quality and edge precision while significantly reducing the production time and cost. Despite some limitations in wear resistance, the findings highlight SLA technology’s potential for rapid prototyping and short-run manufacturing in the automotive and electronics sectors. This research fills a critical gap in understanding SLA-based tooling applications, offering insights into process optimization to enhance tool durability and broaden material compatibility. These advancements position SLA technology as a transformative tool-making technology for flexible manufacturing.
Investigation of FDM-Based 3D Printing for Optimized Tooling in Automotive and Electronics Sheet Metal Cutting
(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2025) Szalai, Szabolcs; Szívós, Brigitta Fruzsina; Nemes, Vivien; Szabó, György; Kurhan, Dmytro; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: Within the scope of the work, the possible use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology in executing rapid prototypes of cutting tools for aluminum sheets was systematically studied. Relevant investigations have thus far mainly concentrated on tools for the 3D printing of bent and deep-drawn pieces, yet the implementation of FDM tools in cutting has been insufficiently covered. This study aims to determine the characteristics of FDM cutting tools, such as wear and tear, dimensional stability, and cutting efficiency. Various tool designs were tested under different wall thicknesses and orientations with respect to the feed of Al99.5 sheets with thicknesses of 0.22 mm and 0.3 mm. According to the results, in the best case, three-dimensional printed PLA tools performed six cuts with no burrs and an acceptable wear level due to the IT tolerances (IT9 and IT10). Tools with thicker walls and more appropriate orientations were found to be more robust. However, some designs failed when subjected to greater loads, revealing a deficiency in some of the strength properties of the material. These observations suggest that it is possible to create 3D printed tools for modeling and small-scale production at considerably cheaper and faster rates than conventional methods. Future work will integrate advanced materials and designs to enhance tool performance, further solidifying FDM as a transformative approach in industrial tool manufacturing. With this research, the authors wanted to demonstrate that FDM technology can also be used to produce a classic sheet cut, which, of course, is still of great importance for prototyping or setting up production processes. This research demonstrated that FDM printing can play a role in this area.
Investigation of Heat-Affected Zones of Thermite Rail Weldings
(University of Niš, Republic of Serbia, 2024) Fischer, Szabolcs; Harangozó, Dóra; Németh, Dalma; Kocsis, Bence; Sysyn, Mykola; Kurhan, Dmytro; Brautigam, András
ENG: The paper investigates the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of several rail joints executed by thermite rail welding (TW). The examined rail profile was 54E1 (UIC54). The rail steel categories were different: R260 and R400HT. The welding portions of the TWs fitted R350HT and R260 rail categories with normal welding gaps. The rail pieces were brand new, i.e., without any usage in the railway track. The authors executed Vickers-hardness tests (HV10) and material texture tests on the running surface of the rail head, as well as on slices cut from the rail head. The cutting was performed by the water jet method, five longitudinal direction slices with vertical cutting lines. The considered specimen lengths were 2×70 mm (i.e., 70 mm from the mid-point of the rail joint), however, the depths were 20 mm from the running surface. Therefore, the measuring spaces were 5 mm lengthwise and 2 mm in depth. The variation of the hardness values was determined considering the microstructures of the base steel material and the TW. For comparison, previously measured Elektrothermit SoW-5 and earlier own research were taken into consideration.
Investigation of Interlocking Effect of Crushed Stone Ballast During Dynamic Loading
(Regional Association for Security and crisis management, European centre for operational research, 2021) Sysyn, Mykola P.; Nabochenko, Olga S.; Kovalchuk, Vitalii V.; Przybylowicz, Michal; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The present paper deals with the experimental investigation of interlocking effect of crushed stone ballast material, assessing it as the relationship with the residual and dynamic stresses under the ballast layer during laboratory dynamic tests with the consideration of different boundary conditions. The laboratory experiments were executed with a scaled model of ballast under the sleeper. The measured pressure at the bottom surface of the ballast has two parts: dynamic and residual. The dynamic part depends on the external loading; the residual part remains after unloading. The measured residual stress was observed up to 3 times higher than the stress due to cyclic external loading. The relationship of the residual stress and interlocking effect to ballast particles angularity is analyzed. A simple interpretation of the distribution of residual stress is proposed, that depends on the measured cyclic stress and the elasticity of bounding walls. The study of interlocking effect of ballast could be potentially useful for many practical problems of railway track design as well as for the track maintenance issues.
Investigation of the Geometrical Deterioration of Paved Superstructure Tramway Tracks in Budapest (Hungary)
(MDPI, 2023) Jóvér, Vivien; Major, Zoltán; Németh, Attila; Kurhan, Dmytro; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: In the 21st century, one of the key requirements is to develop and maintain our infrastructure facilities most efficiently using the available resources. Tramways are of significant national economic importance and represent an important national asset. There are currently seven different types of superstructure systems in Hungary, based on the national regulations and the related requirements currently in force. This paper compares the paved tramway superstructure systems in the context of track geometry, through-rolled axle tons of track, and the age of track sections. Paved tracks have many benefits, but the main ones are easier maintenance and road traffic use. Elastically supported continuous rail bedding (ESCRB; in Hungary, this is known as “RAFS”) and “large” slab superstructure systems are used to create paved superstructure systems. Road crossings use the latter systems, while heavily loaded lines use several ESCRB systems. This article examines the geometrical changes in several ESCRB superstructure systems. A TrackScan 4.01 instrument was used to take measurements in June and September 2021 and in April 2022, September 2022, and May 2023. Track gauge, alignment, and longitudinal level are examined. Regardless of the ESCRB superstructure system or age, a medium-loaded line’s track gauge trendline increases, which means that the track gauge is widening and, regardless of traffic load or age, the average longitudinal level is constantly increasing from year to year. When it is a medium-loaded line, the average value of alignment increases slightly, and the trendline is almost straight, but it decreases when it is an extremely heavily loaded line. The authors will analyze how the reference track section will change in the future. Based on the results, it is important to assess how subsequent measurements affect the trend lines. Because the data evaluations show similar results, comparing open tramway tracks to paved ones is crucial.
Investigation of “Open” Superstructure Tramway Tracks in Budapest
(2023) Jóvér, Vivien; Major, Zoltán; Németh, Attila; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The most important thing nowadays is to use available resources to develop infrastructure as efficiently as possible. In this regard, evaluating the deterioration of tramway tracks is critical from both a technical and an economic viewpoint. In Hungary, seven types of superstructure systems are currently differentiated in the case of tramway transport, but the geometrical deterioration, lifecycle, and lifecycle cost of the tramway tracks are not accurately known. The current study aimed to evaluate and compare the results of track geometry measurements of two different “open” tramway superstructure systems depending on their traffic load and age. The geometry measurements we re executed by TrackScan 4.01 instrument, developed and maintained by a Hungarian developer company called Metalelektro Méréstechnika Ltd. The evaluation of the measurements showed a clear relationship between the traffic load, age, and track deterioration. Based on the results, it can be generally stated, concerning “open” superstructure systems, that regardless of the “open” superstructure system or the level of traffic load, the average value of alignment is decreasing; however, the average value of the longitudinal level is increasing. Furthermore, the deterioration of an older ballasted track with lower traffic is similar to that of a younger ballasted track that has a higher traffic load. Another significant result was that the deterioration of the track gauge parameter in the case of concrete slab tracks is clearly described as the broadening of the track gauge.
Laboratory and Numerical Investigation of Pre-Tensioned Reinforced Concrete Railway Sleepers Combined with Plastic Fiber Reinforcement
(MDPI, 2024) Németh, Attila; Ibrahim, Sarah Khaleel; Movahedi, Rad M.; Szalai, Szabolcs; Major, Zoltán; Kocsis Szürke, Szabolcs; Jóvér, Vivien; Sysyn, Mykola; Kurhan, Dmytro; Harrach, Dániel; Baranyai, Gusztáv; Fekete, Imre; Nagy, Richárd; Csótár, Hanna; Madarász, Klaudia; Pollák, András; Molnár, Bálint; Hermán, Bence; Kuczmann, Miklós; Gáspár, László; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: : This research investigates the application of plastic fiber reinforcement in pre-tensioned reinforced concrete railway sleepers, conducting an in-depth examination in both experimental and computational aspects. Utilizing 3-point bending tests and the GOM ARAMIS system for Digital Image Correlation, this study meticulously evaluates the structural responses and crack development in conventional and plastic fiber-reinforced sleepers under varying bending moments. Complementing these tests, the investigation employs ABAQUS’ advanced finite element modeling to enhance the analysis, ensuring precise calibration and validation of the numerical models. This dual approach comprehensively explains the mechanical behavior differences and stresses within the examined structures. The incorporation of plastic fibers not only demonstrates a significant improvement in mechanical strength and crack resistance but paves the way for advancements in railway sleeper technology. By shedding light on the enhanced durability and performance of reinforced concrete structures, this study makes a significant contribution to civil engineering materials science, highlighting the potential for innovative material applications in the construction industry.
Modeling of the Dynamic Rail Deflection using Elastic Wave Propagation
(Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 2022) Kurhan, Dmytro ; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: There is a class of tasks that requires considering the dynamics not only for rolling stock but also for the response of the railway track. One of the directions of railway transport development, which encourages the transition to fundamentally new dynamic models of the railway track, is undoubtedly an increase in traffic speed. To solve such problems, the authors applied a model of the stressed-strained state of a railway track based on the dynamic problem of elasticity theory. The feature of this model is the calculation of dynamic stresses and deformations induced by the spread of elastic waves through the objects of the railway track. Based on the mathematical modeling of stress propagation in the under-rail basis, authors have shown the influence of various objects of a railway track on the formation of the outline of the front of the elastic wave and determined the main time intervals. Furthermore, the authors propose the following analytical method, which, in addition to the soil's physical and mechanical properties, considers the properties of the ballast as a layer that transmits pressure to the roadbed and takes an active part in the formation of the interaction space.
Numerical Investigation of Pre-Stressed Reinforced Concrete Railway Sleeper for High-Speed Application
(MDPI, 2023) Major, Zoltán; Ibrahim, Sarah Khaleel; Rad, Majid Movahedi; Németh, Attila; Harrach, Dániel; Herczeg, Géza; Szalai, Szabolcs; Szürke, Szabolcs Kocsis; Harangozó, Dóra; Sysyn, Mykola; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Baranyai, Gusztáv; Gáspár, László; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The current paper deals with the numerical investigation of a unique designed pre-stressed reinforced concrete railway sleeper for the design speed of 300 km/h, as well as an axle load of 180 kN. The authors applied different methodologies in their research: traditional hand-made calculations and two types of finite element software. The latter were AxisVM and ABAQUS, respectively. During the calculations, the prestressing loss was not considered. The results from the three methods were compared with each other. The hand-made calculations and the finite element modeling executed by AxisVM software are adequate for determining the mechanical inner forces of the sleeper; however, ABAQUS is appropriate for consideration of enhanced and sophisticated material models, as well as the stress-state of the elements, i.e., concrete, pre-stressed tendons, etc. The authors certified the applicability of these methodologies for performing the dimensioning and design of reinforced concrete railway sleepers with pre-stressing technology. The research team would like to continue their research in an improved manner, taking into consideration real laboratory tests and validating the results from FE modeling, special material models that allow calculation of crackings and their effects in the concrete, and so that the real pattern of the crackings can be measured by GOM Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology, etc.
Optimization of 3D Printed Rapid Prototype Deep Drawing Tools for Automotive and Railway Sheet Material Testing
(MDPI, 2023) Szalai, Szabolcs; Herold, Bálint; Kurhan, Dmytro; Németh, Attila; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The main objective of this research is to identify optimal printing strategies and PLA (polylactic acid) filament materials to produce rapid prototype deep drawing tools. Additive 3D printing technologies have been applied for a long time to produce tools, but the research is unique in that it uses conventional and various reinforced PLA materials with conventional FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) printers. The advantage of this method is that PLA is easy to print and recycle and does not require expensive or special printers, this also gives the article its novelty. A further aim was to produce the tools using commercially available low-end printers. DX53D 0.8 mm thick body steel and AlMg3 2.5 mm thick sheet were the materials to be molded for the tests. The test tool was an Erichsen deep drawing punch. Tool wear was tested using the GOM ATOS measuring system, an optical coordinate measuring machine based on the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) principle, which is also popular in the automotive industry. The study aims to determine the 3D printing and material parameters that can safely produce a minimum batch of 100 parts.
Optimization of Surface Cleaning and Painting Methods for DIC Measurements on Automotive and Railway Aluminum Materials
(MDPI, 2023) Szalai, Szabolcs; Fehér, Viktória; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Németh, Attila; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The preparatory operations of DIC (Digital Image Correlation) tests were investigated in this study, with special emphasis on specimen cleaning and painting operations. As it is well known, DIC tests are non-contact and applied in materials research, the analysis of complex structures, and, nowadays, the construction industry. The use of DIC technologies has seen a dynamic increase in all scientific fields. In our study, aluminum body panels for automotive and railway applications were tested using this technique. There are many articles on proper patterning in the literature but fewer on preparation and priming. These are critical for a successful DIC measurement. This paper looks at different surface cleaners and primers with different grading procedures and will also determine the time window within which the paint should be applied. Finally, the GOM ARAMIS system was applied to measure and characterize the painted surface and visible deformation defects resulting from inadequate painting.
Optimization of Surface Preparation and Painting Processes for Railway and Automotive Steel Sheets
(MDPI, 2023) Szalai, Szabolcs; Szívós, Brigitta Fruzsina; Kurhan, Dmytro ; Németh, Attila; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: The article deals with DIC (Digital Image Correlation) tests on steel plates used in the automotive and railway industries, as well as in the construction industry. The most critical part of DIC tests is the quality of proper surface preparation, painting, and random patterns. The paint mediates the deformation of the optical systems, and its quality is paramount. The authors’ goal in this research is to determine the optimal dye–cleaning–drying time parameters for DIC studies. Commercially available surface preparation and cleaning agents were tested alongside commercially available spray paints. Standard and specific qualification procedures were applied for the measurements. Once the appropriate parameters were determined, the results were validated and qualified by GOM ARAMIS tests. Based on the results, DIC measurements can be performed with higher accuracy and safety in laboratorial and industrial conditions, compared to the traditional deformation measurements executed by dial gauges or linear variable differential transformers.
The Prospect of Using the Dual Gauge Line for the Ukraine–Hungary Railway Connection
(Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2023) Kurhan, Mykola ; Fischer, Szabolcs; Kurhan, Dmytro
ENG: There are several international transport corridors in Hungary. Záhony railway station is one of the largest hubs in Europe, providing a railway connection between Ukraine and the European Union. Two different railway tracks meet and come together here, such as the standard (1435 mm) and broad (1520 mm) gauges. The availability of a developed infrastructure of the dual gauge on the territory of Hungary presupposes the corresponding development of the railway connection by Ukraine. In order to effectively use the dual gauge line and solve problems of special design, it is necessary to ensure the appropriate train flows. This research aims to provide scientific support for express analysis of the railway routes' competitiveness between Ukraine and the European Union to define the determining factors. The application of such approaches provides a tool for establishing the prospects for the development of existing railway lines, considering their features. Scientific approaches to creating methods for determining the priority areas of railway transport have been further developed. Apart from involving such essential indices as average speed and traffic volumes, the authors added the possibility of considering the presence of lines with such design features as single-track sections, non-electrified, dual gauge, etc., on the route. The theoretical background is applied as a tool for rapid calculations for increasing the competitiveness of the Chop–Záhony dual gauge line.
A Risk Assessment Technique for Energy-Efficient Drones to Support Pilots and Ensure Safe Flying
(MDPI, 2023) Kocsis, Szürke Szabolcs; Perness, Norbert; Földesi, Péter; Kurhan, Dmytro; Sysyn, Mykola; Fischer, Szabolcs
ENG: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, also known as UAVs, play an increasingly important part in daily life. However, the ever-increasing number of UAVs pose an ever-increasing threat to the transportation infrastructure. Despite their precision and general efficiency, infrastructuralscale Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) have a disadvantage regarding their capability of being implanted in the ecosystem. There are several reasons for this, but the primary bottleneck is that their systems are not transparent to society and have very complicated processes. As a result, the authors decided to investigate the functional properties of UASs and make improvements to those properties. Throughout the study, the authors’ primary focus was on analysis, which boosts productivity and ensures a significant level of safety for routine flights. The amount of power that a UAV uses depends on several variables, including the amount of power that its individual components require, the temperature of its surroundings, and the condition of the battery that it is powered by. Therefore, critical parameters and interdependencies are taken into account in the risk assessment strategy for energy-efficient Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In the case of UAVs, the algorithm performs a risk calculation before take-off to estimate the amount of risk that can be associated with the given flight time when using the provided battery. On the one hand, several instances of the pre-take-off state and how its parameters interact are investigated. On the other hand, they demonstrate the calculation of the risk while in flight, which is based on actual flight data.

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