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10 лет отечественной отрасли пассажирского вагоностроения: история, сегодняшний день, перспективы развития
(ТОВ ЦІТУ, м. Харків, 2011) Приходько, Владимир Иванович; Хворост, Е. Ф.; Лутонин, Сергей Витальевич; Шкабров, Олег Анатольевич; Пшинько, Александр Николаевич; Мямлин, Сергей Витальевич; Донченко, Анатолий Владимирович
RU: Статья посвящена десятилетию отечественной отрасли пассажирского вагоностроения. История, сегодняшний день, перспективы развития.
About the Evaluation of the Longitudinal Forces Level Effecting the Track Displacement at Transient Modes of Train Movement
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2015) Masleieva, Liudmyla H.; Ursuliak, Liudmyla V.; Arsonov V. V.
EN: Purpose. Study the transient modes effect of movement on the track displacement for the freight train safety control is supposed in this paper. For this it is necessary to investigate the longitudinal dynamics of a train on the track displacement. Simultaneously to assess the longitudinal forces level of a track and rolling stock interaction. Methodology. The level of the longitudinal forces, effecting the track displacement, was evaluated using mathematical modeling of longitudinal vibrations of the trains at transient modes of motion caused by braking. It was considered that each train vehicle consists of a body (solid) and the wheel sets, connected with the body by friction bearings (inelastic link). It was believed that during the movement of each train vehicle the vertical plane of its symmetry coincident with the vertical plane of symmetry of the assembled rails and sleepers. At simulation it was also supposed that in the process of translational motion of the vehicle body wheels make pure rolling along the rail without slipping on it. Findings. In the results of calculations the values of the longitudinal forces at different types of braking were obtained (it is regenerative braking and pneumatic one) under quasi-static and shock transients. For this various initial state of clearances in the inter-car connections up to beginning of transient was considered. The level of dynamic additives to longitudinal forces of interaction between wheel and rail that are substantially depending on vehicle accelerations was assessed. Originality. The transient regimes effect of trains movement caused by braking on the level of the longitudinal forces of track and rolling stock interaction was investigated. The longitudinal load of freight trains with regenerative and pneumatic braking was researched. The effect of the initial state of the train and different modes of braking on a dynamic additive to the longitudinal forces of the interaction between the track and rolling stock, which may effect the displacement of assembled rails and sleepers, was estimated. Practical value. The obtained results can be used to select rational modes of braking of freight trains, especially on lengthy down grade, from the positions prevent possible track displacement.
Application of APM WinMachine Software for Design and Calculations in Mechanical Engineering
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2016) Neduzha, Larysa O.; Shvets, Anzhela O.
EN: Purpose. To conduct the research at all stages of design, development, operation, residual operation life determination, namely, preliminary study, action principle choice, design of draft and technical projects, their optimization, preparation of design documentation and control information for automated production, comprehensive engineering analysis, it is required to use the latest computer technologies. Their use can not only present data and information in some way, but also gives the opportunity to effectively and directly interact with the information object that is created or demonstrated. Methodology. To perform engineering calculations associated with the analysis of the strength of machines, mechanisms, constructions one uses both analytical and numerical methods in practice. The most common method for analysing the stress-strain state of object models, obtaining their dynamic and stability characteristics at constant and variable modes of external load is the finite element method, which is implemented in many famous and widespread software products, providing strength calculation of models of machines, mechanisms and structures. Findings. The use of modern software for designing machine parts and various types of their joints and for strength analysis of structures is justified. Colour charts for distribution of stresses, displacement, internal efforts, safety factor and others allow accurate and quick identification of the most dangerous places in the structure. The program also provides an opportunity to «look» inside the elements and see the resulting distribution of internal force factors. Originality. The paper considered the aspects, which are unexplored at present, associated with the current state and prospects of development of industrial production, the use of software package for design and calculations in the mechanical industry. The result of the work is the justification of software application for solving problems that are aimed at using research findings for various practical tasks in specific fields of mechanical engineering. Practical value. Compared with other software systems, popularity of the considered one is explained by easy mastering of the system, quick implementation both in training and in production process The organizational structure, «friendly» graphical interface and accessible language make learning and use of the program very convenient. These and other factors actually reduce the time for project implementation, emphasize the relevance and the practical importance of the software system, which is appreciated by its users.
Construction Analysis of Mechanical Parts of Locomotives
(The Lublin Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 2013) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Lukhanyn, Mykola I.
EN: To determine the dynamic properties of the mainline freight locomotives, characterizing the safe movement on straight and curved sections of track in the whole range of operating speeds, you need a set of studies including selection of design scheme, the development of an appropriate mathematical model of spatial fluctuations of the locomotive, making a computer calculation program, conducting the theoretical, and then experimental investigations of new designs. In this case, one should compare the results with existing constructions. One of the necessary conditions for improving the quality of traction rolling stock is to define the parameters of its running gears. Among the questions related to this problem, an important place occupies the problem of determining dynamic qualities of the locomotives at the stages of design, taking into account with the chosen technical solutions in the running gear design. The work focuses on key tendencies of some types of main locomotives embodiment, focusing on improving the running gears design. As a result of investigations one can see that the creation of a modern locomotive requires from designers and scientists realization of scientific and technical solutions providing the design speed increase with simultaneous improvement of the traction, braking and dynamic qualities to provide the simple and reliable construction, especially construction of the running gear, reducing the operating costs, low original cost and operating costs for the total service life, high traction force during take-off, work capability in the multiple traction mode, maximally approximated to the limited clutch and sufficient design speed. Research of mathematical modeling is conducted by the method of numerical integration of the dynamic loading of the main-line locomotive using the software system «Dynamics of Rail Vehicles» («DYNRAIL»). Design features of the running gear elements of some types of the main-line locomotives, which have inclined rods between bogie and the body, transmitting the traction forces between them and providing essential dynamic performance of the carriage motion are studied.
Determination of Dynamic Performance of Freight Cars Taking into Account Technical Condition of Side Bearers
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2013) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Ten, Oleksandr O.; Shvets, Angela A.
EN: Purpose. The railway transport plays an important role in social and economic life of the country and carries out the large containment of transportation activities. The transport industry should migrate towards innovation changes and increase its significance as an important transit subsystem on the way of renovation of both the infrastructure and the strategy of all transportation process components including the interaction with other transport modes. At present the life sets strategic challenges for the railway branch, and the basic goals among them are as follows: high-speed train traffic development, increase of the weight of freight trains, new rolling stock development etc. Due to the urgency of this subject, the researchers should cope with the task devoted to one of aspects of improving the freight transportation efficiency, namely to the study of effects of various factors and characteristics of technical conditions of the freight cars running gears (which are unavoidable to arise during operation) on their basic dynamic indices. The deviations of technical conditions of running gears from the normal state of the wedge system of bogie swing suspension also play an important role among them. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the influence of different factors of the technical conditions of freight car running gears (size deviation in both the bearers and the wedge system during operation) on their basic indices – coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength, and derailment stability coefficient. Methodology. The study was conducted by numerical integration and mathematical modeling of the freight car dynamic loading using the software package “Dynamics of Rail Vehicles” (“DYNRAIL”). Findings. As a result of the research for freight car dynamic coefficients determination taking into account technical conditions of the side bearers, the dependencies of the basic freight cars dynamic coefficients on the parameters of side bearers (the clearances in the side bearers and the wedge system conditions of the bogie swing suspension) considering running speed in the tangent and curved track sections of minor and mean radii were obtained. Originality. The impact of the technical condition of the car running gears on the traffic safety factors is determined. Practical value. The theoretical research results in determination of freight car dynamic indices taking into consideration the technical conditions of the side bearers of freight cars allow for an adequate assessment of effect of the freight car bogies’ technical conditions, namely the bearers parameters, on the railway traffic safety factors (coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength and derailment stability coefficient).
Experimental Investigations on Operational Reliability of Diesel Locomotyves Engines
(Polish Maintenance Society (Warsaw), 2012) Lingaitis, Leonas Povilas; Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Baranovsky, Denis М.; Jastremskas, Virgilijus
EN: In work experimental researches of longevity and technical and operating parameters of diesel engine diesels are presented 10D100 with modified tribosystems. The last are instrumental in the rapid starting and decline of wear depending on time of starting, thus, such diesel practically on any speed and loading modes can be exploited without the promoted wear. At the modified shells of cylinders the wear of compression rings does not affect the size of breach of gases in carter. Thus, the modified tribosystems provide maximal longevity and providing of high technical and operating parameters of diesel engine.
Experimental Research of Dynamic Qualities of Freight Cars with Bogies of Different Designs
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2014) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Ten, Oleksandr O.; Neduzha, Larysa O.
EN: Purpose. With the advent of new designs of freright cars the task of designing the more modern bogies, assessment of their dynamic properties depending on the type and structure of pecularities, accounting the axle loadings, providing the dynamic and running characteristics, meeting the conditions of impact on the track, stability, and frame forces intensity etc. becomes especially important. In order to launch the new production into manufacture and to assess the dynamic properties using different designs of bogies the running testes were conducted. They allowed one to compare the dynamic performance of the new bogie with the existing models. Methodology. The study was conducted using the method of numerical integration and mathematical modeling of dynamic loading of freight cars using the software package «Dynamics of Rail Vehicles» («DYNRAIL»). Findings. The results of studies of dynamic characteristics of open cars with new and worn wheels of bogie models 18-9771, 18-9770 and 18-578 in graphical and tabular form are presented. All figures are within the normative values and do not exceed the maximum admissible ones. Originality. When designing the bogie for loading 23.5 t/axle almost all available technical solutions to improve the characteristics of the freight car bogies (elastic bearers, cassette bearing in axle boxes, axle boxe adapter of original design, bilinear central spring suspension, etc.) were used. Practical value. As a result of the engineering works on projecting and manufacturing of the improved designs of freight car bogies a new design was received. It is highly competitive with the dynamic qualities of the best ones. Made choice of rational values of elastic-dissipative parameters of the bogie allows one to create standard series of running gears for freight cars for promising operating conditions. The results are of practical importance. They have found reflection in the number of author’s publications in special and semi-popular editions.
Hardness Indices Estimation of Supporting Structure Elements of Motor Bogies of the Electric Train ED9M
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2013) Bondarev, Oleksandr M.; Dzichkovskyy, Yevhen M.; Kryvchykov, Alexei Ye.; Skoblenko, V. M.
EN: Purpose. The purpose of article is to develop the measures of hardness indices improvement of the supporting structures of motor cars of the electric trains ED9M. Methodology. In order to achieve the above stated aims the following measures had to be done: to develop a finite element model of the supporting structures of the motor bogie of the electric train ED9M, determine parameters of the developed model; perform the calculations to determine the stress-strain state during loads corresponding to different operating conditions with the search of geometric parameters reducing the highest stress levels. Findings. The obtained results of calculations (fields of stress distribution and strains in the elements of the motor bogie frame) from the viewpoint of the strength and stiffness discovered the best geometric parameters of the bearings in the central suspension beams of the electric trains ED9M in the places of load transmission from the car body to the bogie frame. Originality. Based on the developed finite element models and the theoretical and experimental researches the scientifically grounded modernization measures of the construction elements of the central suspension beams for motor bogies of the electric trains ED9M were developed. Practical value. It was developed an engineering solution concerning the measures to improve the strength and stiffness characteristics of the central suspension beams for the motor cars of the electric trains ED9M. It was given to the Ukrzaliznytsya’s professionals to implement them during repairs.
Influence of Loading from the Axle of a Gondola Car on its Dynamic Indicators and Railway Track
(Дніпровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпро, 2019) Shvets, Anzhela O.; Bolotov, Oleksij O.
EN: Purpose. Increasing the maximum loading from the car axle on the rails during transportation of goods and the speed of movement of railway vehicles will enhance the integration processes between the countries. In order to ensure safe and reliable traffic at the railways it is necessary to improve control, quantitative evaluation of the dy-namic loading of the rolling stock, which in the process of its operation is a relevant scientific and technical prob-lem. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the axle loading increase in gondola cars, taking into ac-count the possible speed increase on their main dynamic indicators and indicators of interaction of rolling stock and track. Methodology. The study was carried out by the method of mathematical and computer simulation of the dy-namic loading of a gondola car using the model of spatial oscillations of the coupling of five cars and the software complex developed in the branch research laboratory of the dynamics and strength of rolling stock (BRL DSRS). The initial data for research are as follows: the movement of gondola car of the model 12-532 with typical bogies of 18-100 at the speeds ranging from 50 to 90 km/h in curves with radii of 350 and 600 m, with superelevation of 130 and 120 mm, respectively. Findings. The article analyzes the dynamic qualities of a rolling stock using the example of gondola cars, the calculations are performed using the package of applied programs with sufficient accuracy for practice. During the theoretical studies and simulation, taking into account the processes of freight car oscillation in case of increasing the axle loading, the dependences of the main dynamic parameters, taking into account the movement speed were obtained. Originality. Originality of the work results lies in the study of the influence of in-creasing the axle loading in gondola cars, taking into account the possible movement speed increase on the dynamic loading in order to solve the problem of forecasting the rolling stock dynamics. The results of theoretical studies, taking into account the movement speed in the curved track sections of small and medium radius were obtained for the first time. Practical value. The application of these results will contribute to improving the traffic safety of freight cars and will improve the technical and economic performance of railway transport.
The Issue of Saving Fuel and Energy Resources for Hauling Operations
(2012) Jastremskas, Virgilijus; Lingaitis, Leonas Povilas; Jevdomacha, Grigorij; Evdomakha, Grigory V.
EN: Abstract The main provisions of the methods used for optimization of station-to-station travel times taken (according to criteria of minimum consumption of fuel and energy resources for haulage), which are used for train timing, are examined. The methods can be applied for cargo, passenger and suburban train service on electrified and non-electrified sections of railway.
Mathematical Modeling of a Cargo Locomotive
(2012) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Dailydka, Stasys; Neduzha, Larysa O.
EN: Actuality and explanation of development of six-axle mainline locomotive ER20CF for Lithuania Railways are done. For carrying out of theoretical researches with purpose of providing safety movement, strength of constructions elements, improved dynamical characteristics, was examined some aspects of mathematical simulation of dimensional hunting of freight locomotive.
Methods of Calculation Line Optimum Travel of Trains with Consideration of Longitudinal Dynamic Efforts
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej Gliwice, 2013) Lingaitis, Leonas Povilas; Vaičiūnas, Gediminas; Liudvinavičius, Lionginas; Jevdomacha, Grigorij; Evdomakha, Grigory V.
EN: The paper examines the main provisions of the methods used for optimization of station-to-station travel time taken (according to the criteria of minimum fuel consumption for haulage) for freight long train timing with consideration of longitudinal dynamic efforts. A hybrid mathematical model of long train travel is developed, where in one case of travel the train is considered as a flexible non-extensible line with a variable running weight, in other cases the train is considered as a system of weights connected by nonlinear deformable elements with a consideration of gap clearance in a draft. The model allows essentially reducing the time of solving the problem. The problem of selecting an optimum mode of train operation with consideration of longitudinal dynamic efforts and use of method of dynamic programming in a discrete form was set.
On the Problem of Dynamic Response of the Long Trains Including Joint Ones with the Liquid Cargo
(Vilnius Gedeminas Technikal Universiti, 2011) Ursuliak, Liudmyla V.; Romanyuk, Yanina N.
EN: The results of long trains with liquid cargo dynamic response at braking obtained by the mathematical simulations are given in the article. Different approaches of the lead and helping locomotives control are considered for the various schemes of the train make-up. Numerical experiments were carried out for the various types of braking on the horizon-tal track segment and for different regimes of air diffusers work – middle or loaded. The initial motion speeds were equal to 20 and 80 km/h. For the higher speeds the braking distances were estimated. Recommendations on the longitu-dinal dynamic response reduction in the long trains with liquid cargo are given on the basis of the carried out numerical calculations.
Operation Characteristics of Electric Trains ER1, ER2 Beyond Designed Service Life
(Дніпропетровський національний універсиет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2014) Gorobets, Vladimir L.; Bondarev, Oleksandr M.; Скобленко, В. М.
EN: Purpose. The aim is to develop the scientific substantiation technical regulation of measures and conditions in electric trains, series ER1, ER2 beyond the extended period of operation life (over 50 years). Methodology. To achieve this goal the scientific publications analysis on the survivability of the basic elements of supporting constructions that are loaded with dynamic alternating loads was carried out. The results analysis of vibration bench tests of bogie frames of electric trains ER1, ER2, which were obtained by using the developed technique for such tests with authors, was carried out too. Technical solutions with appropriate measures under which it is possible to extend the operation life of bearing structures of electric trains ER1 and ER2 were developed over 50 years. Findings. Results were obtained on the complex basis of conducted experimental and theoretical research. They have promoted to the working out the methodology for assessing the period of crack development in the tensest points of main bearing structures of bogie frames and bodies of electric trains ER1, ER2 with achieving their dangerous sizes. This allowed developing a technical regulation measures to ensure the safe operation of the main bearing structures of bogie frames and bodies of electric trains ER1, ER2 beyond 50 years. Originality. To ensure the safe trains operation, series ER1, ER2 the method estimation of crack development term in the tensest points of bearing structures of bogie frames and bodies with achieving their dangerous sizes was worked out. Practical value. The technical regulation of measures ensuring the safe operation of the main bearing structures of bogie frames and bodies of electric trains ER1, ER2 beyond 50 years was developed.
Research of Friction Indices Influence on the Freight Car Dynamics
(Polish Academy of Sciences Branch in Lublin, Lublin, Poland, 2013) Myamlin, Sergey V.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Ten, Alexander A.; Shvets, Angela A.
EN: The work is devoted to study of friction indices influence in the "body – bogie" system in freight cars (the change of the friction coefficient in the side bearers during operation) on their basic indices – the coefficients of the horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength, and derailment stability coefficient. The study was conducted by mathematical modeling of the freight car dynamic loading using the software package «DYNRAIL». The focus was mainly concentrated on the influence of the friction force change between the body and bogies. Theoretical studies of dynamic loading of the freight open cars were conducted in both the empty and loaded conditions with the bogies model 18–100 during motion in the tangent and curved railway sections with different radii and the established motion speeds. In this case, the basic dynamic parameters of the freight car were calculated. The theoretical research results in determination of freight car dynamic indices taking into consideration the friction coefficients in the system “body – bogie” allow for an adequate assessment of the friction coefficient between the freight car bearers parameters, on the railway traffic safety factors (coefficients of dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength and derailment stability coefficient).
Research of Innovations of Diesel Locomotives and Bogies
(Vilnius, Lithuania, 2016) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Urbutis, Žilvinas
EN: During manufacturing of diesel locomotives, their basic parameters must be adapted to the requirements of that specific environment. One of the central issues is the choice of bogies. The article present the examples of selecting a bogie by using multi-criteria optimization methods. The methods are adapted for Siemens bogies models SF1, SF2, SF3 and SF6. The solutions obtained by different methods were compared, and shortcomings of certain multi-criteria optimization methods for selection of a bogie model according to its parameters were established.
Research on Selection of Modes of Driving Heavy Trains on Main IXB and IXD Corridors of JSC "lietuvos Geležinkeliai"
(Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej Gliwice, 2012) Lingaitis, Leonas Povilas; Dailydka, Stasys; Jevdomacha, Grigorij; Evdomakha, Grigory V.
EN: Abstract. Optimum haul times of running for a train schedule and mode diagrams corresponding thereto calculated using the program system passed operational check with the purpose to obtain reliable statistical estimation of their impact on reduction of the fuel consumption on haulage of trains and level of longitudinal dynamic efforts. The optimal speed of the train is chosen (defined) taking into account the given travel time and the longitudinal track profile, when the Diesel locomotive fuel consumption are minimum. Results of experimental research with long trains, weight up to 8000 tons, are presented herein. Experimental operational trips confirmed the correctness of theoretical preconditions and techniques of selection of optimum modes of driving of long trains, demonstrated potential for decrease of level of longitudinal dynamic efforts by 1.5-2 times and achievement of fuel economy on haulage up to 5-8 % when such trains move on a site with the undulating way profile.
Spatial Vibration of Cargo Cars in Computer Modelling with the Account of Their Inertia Properties
(Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, 2010) Myamlin, Serhiy V.; Ten, Oleksandr O.; Neduzha, Larysa O.; Shvets, Anzhela O.
EN: The papers describes some methods for more exact computation of the freight wagon's inertial characteristics, that is necessary for performing more exact computer simulation of the railway vehicle dynamics. Comparison of the simulation results with the test data shows the appropriate coincidence between them that confirms the mathematical model's adequacy.
Анализ эксплуатационной наработки несущих конструкций подвижного состава в задачах продления сроков его эксплуатации
(Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, Днепропетровск, 2010) Горобец, Владимир Леонидович; Бондарев, Александр Матвеевич
UK: В статті розглянуто методи оцінки напрацювань, які сприймаються несучими конструкціями рухомого складу в процесі експлуатації, наведено конкретні приклади їх застосування.
Анализ эксплуатационных характеристик тепловозов
(Дніпропетровський національний університет залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, Дніпропетровськ, 2015) Урсуляк, Людмила Викторовна; Сиротенко, В. О.
RU: Цель. В работе предполагается сравнить эксплуатационные характеристики грузовых тепловозов ER20CF и 2M62м, которые применяются на Литовских железных дорогах. В данной статье решаются важнейшие задачи по тяговым расчетам, которые являются основным расчетным инструментом в деле рационального функционирования, планирования и развития железных дорог. Ими являются: определение расчетной массы подвижного состава, построение диаграммы удельных результирующих сил поезда, определение допустимой скорости движения поезда на спусках, построение кривых движения поезда на участке. Методика. Используя правила и методику тяговых расчетов, проводится анализ основных эксплуатационных характеристик модернизированного грузового тепловоза 2М62м и грузопассажирского сдвоенного тепловоза 2ER20CF. В качестве контролируемых параметров выбраны: максимальная масса составов, пройденный путь составом по скоростному подъему за счет использования кинетической энергии (с тягой и без тяги), техническая скорость, ускоряющая сила и значение наименьшего радиуса кривой. При проведении расчетов предпологалось, что поезда сформированы из полностью загруженных четырехосных полувагонов модели 112-119 (особенность – 606) с нагрузкой на ось 23,5 т; движение осуществлялось на бесстыковом пути; в голове состава расположен либо сдвоенный тепловоз 2ER20CF, либо двухсекционный тепловоз 2М62м. Для выбора расчетного подъема проанализирован продольный профиль пути на направлении Вильнюс-Клайпеда. Проверка на возможность преодоления скоростного подъема выполнялась аналитическим методом, с учетом использования кинетической энергии, накопленной на преодолении «легких» элементов профиля. Результаты. В результате расчетов был проанализирован максимальный вес состава с учетом расчетного подъема. Выполнена проверка расчетной массы состава на возможность надежного преодоление короткого подъема крутизны больше расчетного. Оценены значения ускоряющей силы в зависимости от скорости поезда и параметров продольного профиля, а также значения наименьшего радиуса кривой в зависимости от скорости движения, развиваемой различными тепловозами в тяговом режиме. Рассмотрены составы различной массы. Научная новизна. Проведен анализ эксплуатационных параметров модернизированного тепловоза 2М62м и сдвоенного тепловоза нового поколения 2ER20CF. Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для более эффективной эксплуатации указанных выше тепловозов на Литовских железных дорогах.

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